When unsupported assertions or assumptions are used to advance controversial claims.
• Claiming something is needed because it's needed.

• Failing to answer the question "Why?".

• "Circularity is easiest to conceal when the distance between the premise and the conclusion is great." --Monroe Beardsley Thinking Straight, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ): Prentice Hall, 1975). p72.